THE  MOST  RELEVANT 
INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES, ACHIEVEMENTS
Sources:The World Almanac 1996, World Almanac Books, Funk & Wagnalls Corp.
 The New York Public Library Science Desk Reference, 1995, Macmillan, USA
The Handy Science Answer Book, 1994, The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology, Ed. C. Morris,1992, Acad. Press, NY & London
                                                Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th edition,  Ed. S.P. Parker, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1989
IDA
 YEAR
AUTHOR
COUNTRY
Abacus ~ 500 BC na Egiptian
Absolute temperature 1848 Kelvin English
acetylene 1862 Berthelot French
ACTH 1927 Evans& Long US
adding machine 1642 Pascal French
adrenaline 1901 Takamine Japanese
aerosol spray 1926 Rotheim Norwegian
air-bag 1953 Hetric US
air-born observatory 1982 NASA US
air conditioning 1911 Carrier US
air plane first flight 1903 Wright US
alarm  clock 1787 Hutchins US
algebra ~500 na Indian
algebra/integral calculus 1767 Euler Swiss
alphabeth 22-letter ~1 350 na
alphabet lett. in math.equat. 1591 Vieta French
aluminium electrol.process 1886 Hall US
aluminum  isolated 1825 Oersted Danish
America is a ‘new world’ 1502 Vespucci Italian
America first map 1507 Waldseemuller German
anemometer 1709 Wolfius German?
automatic pilot [airplane] 1912 Sperry US
air composition 1778 Lavoisier French
air flight 1st 1783 Montgolfier French
airplane jet engine 1939 Ohain German
airplane with motor 1903 Wright bros US
alternator elctr. 1878 Gramme & Fontain French
analytic geometry 1619 Descartes French
anatomy modern founding 1543 Vesalius Belgian
anatomy pathological 1761 Morgagni Italian
anestesia by ether 1842 Long US
anestesia local 1885 Koller Austrian
anestesia spinal 1898 Bbier German
aniline dye 1856 Perkin English
anti-rabies 1885 Pasteur French
antiseptic surgery 1867 Lister English
antitoxin diphteria 1891 Vob Behring German
aqueduct (city) ~ 700 na Assyrian
arc welder 1919 Thomson US
argyrol 1897 Basyer German
arsphenamine 1910 Ehrlich German
artificial radiactive 1st element Curie French
aspartame 1965 Schiatter US
aspirin 1889 Dresseret al. German
assembly line 1908 Ford US
asteroid Ceres obs. 1801 Piazzi Italian
astronomical observations 1609-11 Galileo Italian
atomic bomb 1945 Oppenheimer et al. US
atomic clock 1948 Libby US
atomic number 1913 Moseley English
atomic theory 1803 Dalton English
atomic theory 1911 Rutherford English
atoms smashing theory 1919 Rutherford English
automatic transmission engine 1910 Fottinger German
automobile electric 1892 Morrison US
automobile gasoline 1885 Benz German
Avogadro law of gases 1811 Avogadro Italian
baby born from frozen embrio 1985 na Australian
bacitracin 1945 Johnsonet al. US
bacteria 1676 Leeuwenhoek Duch
bacteriophages disc. 1915 Twort English
bacterium 1st cultivated in lab. 1876 Koch German
bakelite 1907 Baekeland Belgian
ballistic science 1537 Tartaglia Italian
balloon 1783 Montgolfier French
barcode system 1970 Marking US
barbital 1903 Fischer German
barometer 1643 Torricelli Italian
BASIC language 1965 Kurtz & Kemeny US
bicycle 1885 Starley English
bifocal lens 1780 Franklin US
bigbang theory 1948 Gamow et al. Rus.-US
bigbang remnants 1965 Penzias Germ.-US
bio-pesticide employed 1st 304 na Chinese
biosensors 1983 CambridgeLife Sci. English
black holes postulation 1916 Schwarzschild German
bleaching powder 1798 Tennant English
blood circulation described 1628 Hervey English
blood pressure meas. device 1881 Von Bash Austrian
bordeaux mixture 1885 Millardet French
braille printing 1829 Braille French
bridge [stone] ~100BC na  Roman
bridge, long-span suspension  1883 Roebling Greman-US
bromine extr. from sea 1924 Edgar Kramer US
brownian motion of particles 1827 Brown English
burner gas 1855 Bunsen German
cesarean 1st operation  1500 Nufer Swiss
calculating machine[+-] 1642 Pascal French
calculating machine[+-x/] 1671 Leibnitz German
calculating differential machine 1833 Babbage English
calculator pocket electronic 1972 VanTassel US
calculus 1670 Newton English
calculus differ. & Integr. 1675 Leibniz German
camera photo 1888 Eastman US
camphor synthetic 1896 Haller French
canning foods 1804 Appert French
capillary action description 1490 Leonardo Italian
carbomycin 1952 Tanner US
carbon fiber 1964 [RAF] English
carburetor 1893 Maybach German
card time recorder 1894 Cooper US
carding machine 1797 Whittemore US
cash register 1879 Ritty US
cassette audio 1963 Philips Co. Duch
cassette videotape 1969 Sony Japanese
catapult ~ 400 Dionysus of Syracuse M. Grek
catode ray tube 1878 Crookes English
CD-ROM 1984 na [Hitachi] Japanese
cell identified 1665 Hooke English
cell theory 1838 Schleiden/Schwann German
cellophane 1908 Brandenberger Swiss
celluloid 1870 Hyatt US
cement portland 1824 Aspdin English
centigrade scale 1742 Celsius Swedish
channell-tunnel 1994 na Eng-French
chloramphenicol 1947 Burkholder US
chlorine 1774 Scheele Swedish
chloroform 1831 Guthrie US
chlortetracycline 1948 Duggen US
cholera bacterium discovered 1883 Koch German
chromosomes & mitosis 1882 Flemming German
chronometer 1761 Harrison English
circle of 360° introduced ~ 180BC Hypsicles Greek
circuit breker 1925 Hilliard US
circuit integrated 1959 Kilby et al. Texas Instr. US
classification animals & plants 1735 Linnaeus Swedish
clock mechanical 1360 De Vick German
clock pendulum 1656 Huygens Duch
cloned calves 1998 Kato et al. Japanese
cloned golden carp 1981 na Chinese
cloned 1st human embrio 1993 na na
cloned mice 1999 Wakayama et al. Jap-US
cloned sheep dolly 1997 Roslin Inst. English
coaxial cable 1929 Affel Espenshed US
COBOL language 1960 Hopper et al. US
cocaine 1860 Nierman German
coke use for iron smelting 1709 Darby English
color printing 1719 Le Blon French
combustion explained 1777 Lavoisier French
comet 1st parabolic orbit 1664 Borelli Italian
compact disk 1972 RCA US
compact disk player 1979 Sony Philips Jap- Duch
compressed air drill 1871 Ingersoll US
computer aut. sequence 1944 Aiken et al. US
computer data process. 1888 Hollerith US
computer mini 1960 Digital Co. US
Computer. Axial Tomography 1973 Hounsfield English
condenser microphone 1916 Wente US
conditioned reflexes 1914 Pavlov Russian
contact lens 1887 Frick US
contact lens plastic 1954 Bier na
contraceptive 1954 PincusRock US
controlled nuclear chain react. 1942 Fermi Italian
corals animal nature discov. 1711 Marsigli Italian
cortisone discovered 1936 Kendall US
cortisone synthetic prod. 1946 Sarett US
cosmic rays 1910 Gockel Swiss
cream separator 1878 DeLaval Swedish
cubic equations solving meth. 1535 Tartaglia Italian
cyanamide 1905 Frank& Caro German
cybernetics 1948 Wiener US
cyclotron 1930 Lawrence US
cystoscope 1878 Nitze German
daguerrotype 1839 Daguerre French
DDT, disc as insecticide 1939 Muller German
decimal system ~500 na Ind/Mesopot.
deductive system ~300BC Euclid Greece
deduct.reasoning < math.laws 1637 Descartes French
dental science explained 1728 Fauchard French
detergents 1907 Henkel& Co. German
deuterium 1932 Ureyet al. US
diesel engine 1895 Diesel German
differential gear 1885 Benz German
dirigible 1900 Zeppelin German
disease<>poor hygiene link 1854 Snow English
disk floppy 1970 IBM US
DNA < > genetic 1944 Avery Canadian-US
DNA structure 1951 Watson et al. US
DNA fingerprinting 1986 Jeffreys na
DNA marker musc.dystrophy 1983 Davies & Williamson na
DNA transmiss.: phage<>bact. 1952 Lederberg US
Doppler effect 1843 Doppler Austrian
Double star 1st observed 1650 Riccioli Italian
disk video 1972 Philips Co. Duch
dry-ice 1925 Benton US
dynamite 1866 Nobel Swedish
dynamo cont.curr. 1871 Gramme Belgian
dynamometer 1750 DeProny French
earth magnetic pole 1546 Mercator Flemish 
earth mass 1798 Cavendish French
earth position in Galaxy 1912 Shapley US
earthquakes scale 1935 Richter US
earth rotation demonstr. 1851 Foucault French
egg human fertilized in tube 1977 na English
electric battery 1800 Volta Italian
electric waves/radio waves 1888 Hertz German
electrocardiograph 1903 Einthoven Duch
electroencephalograph 1929 Berger German
electrolysis 1852 Faraday English
electromagnet 1824 Sturgeon English
electromagnetism 1819 Oersted Danish
electron 1897 Thomson English
electron spectrometer 1944 Deutsch et al. US
electron tube multigrid 1913 Langmuir US
electronic Comput. ENIAC 1946 Mauchly & Eckert US
electroplating 1805 Brugnatelli Italian
electroshock 1st treatment 1938 Cerletti & Bini Italian
electrostatic generator 1929 Van de Graaff US
elevator brake 1852 Otis US
elevator push button 1922 Larson US
embriology 1604 Fabricius Italian
engine compression ignition 1883 Daimler German
engine electric ignition 1883 Benz German
engine gas 1926 Eickemeyer US
engine gasoline 1872 Brayton US
engine jet 1930 Whittle English
engine steam pist.+cylinder 1705-12 Newcomen English
enzyme 1st isolat.-pepsin 1836 Schwann German
erytromycin 1952 McGuire US
evolution theory 1859 Darwin English
evolution human theory 1871 Darwin English
eyeglass 1285 DeSpina Italian
falling body law 1590  Galileo  Italian 
fan  electric 1882 Wheeler US
fax machine 1865 Caselli Italian
femal reproductive syst. descr. 1561 Fallopius Italian
fiber glass 1938 Owens-Corning US
fiber optics 1955 Kapany English
fire 12,000 na na
filament of tungsten 1913 Coolidge US
flush toilet 1589 Harington English
flying machine drawing 1492 Leonardo Italian
fossil 1st descr. 1517 Fracastoro Italian
FORTRAN language 1956 Backus IBM US
fractals theory developed 1975 Mandelbrot Polish
freon 1930 Midgleyet al. US
friction match 1831 Sauria na
frozen foods 1924 Birdseye US
furnace for steel 1858 Siemens German
galvanometer 1820  Sweigger  German 
gamma rays 1900 Villard French
gas-discharge tube 1922 Hull US
gas-lighting 1792 Murdoch Scottish
gasoline high octane 1930 Ipatieff Russian
gases theory 1738 Bernoulli Swiss
geiger counter 1913 Geiger German
gemstone synthetic 1902 Verneuil French
gene-altered bacteria 1986 Adv.Gen.Sci. US
gene cloning 1984 NIH et al. US/Fr./N.Z.
gene foreign introduced into human 1989 Rosenberg et al. US
gene synthesis ex-novo 1970 Khorana et al. Indian-US
genet. engin. 1st grown:tobacco 1986 na Wisconsin
genetics & species origin 1937 Dobzhansky Rus.-US
genetic experiment 1st 1907 Morgan US
genome of Drosofila acquired 2000 Adams et al. US
genome human acquired 2000 da US
geology foundations 1830 Lyell English
germ theory of diseases 1862 Pasteur French
glass objects earliest ~2 500 na
gravitation law 1687 Newton English
gun/cannon 1260 Anklitzen na
gun breach-loader 1811 Thornton US
gun machine 1861 Gatling US
gun silencer 1908 Maxim US
gyrocompass 1911 Sperry US
gyroscope 1852 Foucault French
Halley comet 1st described 1682 Halley  English 
heart artificial 1982 Jarvic US
heeled vehicles  ~3,500BC na Sumerian
heart valve artificial 1952 Hufnagel na
heart-lung machine 1953 Gibbon US
helicopter 1907/39 Breguet/Sikorsky French/US
helicopter 1939 Sikorsky US
heliocentric planetary model 1512 Copernicus Polish
hydrodynamics 1640 Torricelli Italian
hydrogen bomb 1952 Teller et al. US
HIV virus identif. 1984 Montagnier/Gallo French/US
holograph 1948 Gabor English