THE MOST RELEVANT
INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES, ACHIEVEMENTSSources:The World Almanac 1996, World Almanac Books, Funk & Wagnalls Corp. Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th edition, Ed. S.P. Parker, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1989
The New York Public Library Science Desk Reference, 1995, Macmillan, USA
The Handy Science Answer Book, 1994, The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology, Ed. C. Morris,1992, Acad. Press, NY & London
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| Abacus | ~ 500 BC | na | Egiptian |
| Absolute temperature | 1848 | Kelvin | English |
| acetylene | 1862 | Berthelot | French |
| ACTH | 1927 | Evans& Long | US |
| adding machine | 1642 | Pascal | French |
| adrenaline | 1901 | Takamine | Japanese |
| aerosol spray | 1926 | Rotheim | Norwegian |
| air-bag | 1953 | Hetric | US |
| air-born observatory | 1982 | NASA | US |
| air conditioning | 1911 | Carrier | US |
| air plane first flight | 1903 | Wright | US |
| alarm clock | 1787 | Hutchins | US |
| algebra | ~500 | na | Indian |
| algebra/integral calculus | 1767 | Euler | Swiss |
| alphabeth 22-letter | ~1 | 350 | na |
| alphabet lett. in math.equat. | 1591 | Vieta | French |
| aluminium electrol.process | 1886 | Hall | US |
| aluminum isolated | 1825 | Oersted | Danish |
| America is a ‘new world’ | 1502 | Vespucci | Italian |
| America first map | 1507 | Waldseemuller | German |
| anemometer | 1709 | Wolfius | German? |
| automatic pilot [airplane] | 1912 | Sperry | US |
| air composition | 1778 | Lavoisier | French |
| air flight 1st | 1783 | Montgolfier | French |
| airplane jet engine | 1939 | Ohain | German |
| airplane with motor | 1903 | Wright bros | US |
| alternator elctr. | 1878 | Gramme & Fontain | French |
| analytic geometry | 1619 | Descartes | French |
| anatomy modern founding | 1543 | Vesalius | Belgian |
| anatomy pathological | 1761 | Morgagni | Italian |
| anestesia by ether | 1842 | Long | US |
| anestesia local | 1885 | Koller | Austrian |
| anestesia spinal | 1898 | Bbier | German |
| aniline dye | 1856 | Perkin | English |
| anti-rabies | 1885 | Pasteur | French |
| antiseptic surgery | 1867 | Lister | English |
| antitoxin diphteria | 1891 | Vob Behring | German |
| aqueduct (city) | ~ 700 | na | Assyrian |
| arc welder | 1919 | Thomson | US |
| argyrol | 1897 | Basyer | German |
| arsphenamine | 1910 | Ehrlich | German |
| artificial radiactive 1st element | Curie | French | |
| aspartame | 1965 | Schiatter | US |
| aspirin | 1889 | Dresseret al. | German |
| assembly line | 1908 | Ford | US |
| asteroid Ceres obs. | 1801 | Piazzi | Italian |
| astronomical observations | 1609-11 | Galileo | Italian |
| atomic bomb | 1945 | Oppenheimer et al. | US |
| atomic clock | 1948 | Libby | US |
| atomic number | 1913 | Moseley | English |
| atomic theory | 1803 | Dalton | English |
| atomic theory | 1911 | Rutherford | English |
| atoms smashing theory | 1919 | Rutherford | English |
| automatic transmission engine | 1910 | Fottinger | German |
| automobile electric | 1892 | Morrison | US |
| automobile gasoline | 1885 | Benz | German |
| Avogadro law of gases | 1811 | Avogadro | Italian |
| baby born from frozen embrio | 1985 | na | Australian |
| bacitracin | 1945 | Johnsonet al. | US |
| bacteria | 1676 | Leeuwenhoek | Duch |
| bacteriophages disc. | 1915 | Twort | English |
| bacterium 1st cultivated in lab. | 1876 | Koch | German |
| bakelite | 1907 | Baekeland | Belgian |
| ballistic science | 1537 | Tartaglia | Italian |
| balloon | 1783 | Montgolfier | French |
| barcode system | 1970 | Marking | US |
| barbital | 1903 | Fischer | German |
| barometer | 1643 | Torricelli | Italian |
| BASIC language | 1965 | Kurtz & Kemeny | US |
| bicycle | 1885 | Starley | English |
| bifocal lens | 1780 | Franklin | US |
| bigbang theory | 1948 | Gamow et al. | Rus.-US |
| bigbang remnants | 1965 | Penzias | Germ.-US |
| bio-pesticide employed 1st | 304 | na | Chinese |
| biosensors | 1983 | CambridgeLife Sci. | English |
| black holes postulation | 1916 | Schwarzschild | German |
| bleaching powder | 1798 | Tennant | English |
| blood circulation described | 1628 | Hervey | English |
| blood pressure meas. device | 1881 | Von Bash | Austrian |
| bordeaux mixture | 1885 | Millardet | French |
| braille printing | 1829 | Braille | French |
| bridge [stone] | ~100BC | na | Roman |
| bridge, long-span suspension | 1883 | Roebling | Greman-US |
| bromine extr. from sea | 1924 | Edgar Kramer | US |
| brownian motion of particles | 1827 | Brown | English |
| burner gas | 1855 | Bunsen | German |
| cesarean 1st operation | 1500 | Nufer | Swiss |
| calculating machine[+-] | 1642 | Pascal | French |
| calculating machine[+-x/] | 1671 | Leibnitz | German |
| calculating differential machine | 1833 | Babbage | English |
| calculator pocket electronic | 1972 | VanTassel | US |
| calculus | 1670 | Newton | English |
| calculus differ. & Integr. | 1675 | Leibniz | German |
| camera photo | 1888 | Eastman | US |
| camphor synthetic | 1896 | Haller | French |
| canning foods | 1804 | Appert | French |
| capillary action description | 1490 | Leonardo | Italian |
| carbomycin | 1952 | Tanner | US |
| carbon fiber | 1964 | [RAF] | English |
| carburetor | 1893 | Maybach | German |
| card time recorder | 1894 | Cooper | US |
| carding machine | 1797 | Whittemore | US |
| cash register | 1879 | Ritty | US |
| cassette audio | 1963 | Philips Co. | Duch |
| cassette videotape | 1969 | Sony | Japanese |
| catapult | ~ 400 | Dionysus of Syracuse | M. Grek |
| catode ray tube | 1878 | Crookes | English |
| CD-ROM | 1984 | na [Hitachi] | Japanese |
| cell identified | 1665 | Hooke | English |
| cell theory | 1838 | Schleiden/Schwann | German |
| cellophane | 1908 | Brandenberger | Swiss |
| celluloid | 1870 | Hyatt | US |
| cement portland | 1824 | Aspdin | English |
| centigrade scale | 1742 | Celsius | Swedish |
| channell-tunnel | 1994 | na | Eng-French |
| chloramphenicol | 1947 | Burkholder | US |
| chlorine | 1774 | Scheele | Swedish |
| chloroform | 1831 | Guthrie | US |
| chlortetracycline | 1948 | Duggen | US |
| cholera bacterium discovered | 1883 | Koch | German |
| chromosomes & mitosis | 1882 | Flemming | German |
| chronometer | 1761 | Harrison | English |
| circle of 360° introduced | ~ 180BC | Hypsicles | Greek |
| circuit breker | 1925 | Hilliard | US |
| circuit integrated | 1959 | Kilby et al. Texas Instr. | US |
| classification animals & plants | 1735 | Linnaeus | Swedish |
| clock mechanical | 1360 | De Vick | German |
| clock pendulum | 1656 | Huygens | Duch |
| cloned calves | 1998 | Kato et al. | Japanese |
| cloned golden carp | 1981 | na | Chinese |
| cloned 1st human embrio | 1993 | na | na |
| cloned mice | 1999 | Wakayama et al. | Jap-US |
| cloned sheep dolly | 1997 | Roslin Inst. | English |
| coaxial cable | 1929 | Affel Espenshed | US |
| COBOL language | 1960 | Hopper et al. | US |
| cocaine | 1860 | Nierman | German |
| coke use for iron smelting | 1709 | Darby | English |
| color printing | 1719 | Le Blon | French |
| combustion explained | 1777 | Lavoisier | French |
| comet 1st parabolic orbit | 1664 | Borelli | Italian |
| compact disk | 1972 | RCA | US |
| compact disk player | 1979 | Sony Philips | Jap- Duch |
| compressed air drill | 1871 | Ingersoll | US |
| computer aut. sequence | 1944 | Aiken et al. | US |
| computer data process. | 1888 | Hollerith | US |
| computer mini | 1960 | Digital Co. | US |
| Computer. Axial Tomography | 1973 | Hounsfield | English |
| condenser microphone | 1916 | Wente | US |
| conditioned reflexes | 1914 | Pavlov | Russian |
| contact lens | 1887 | Frick | US |
| contact lens plastic | 1954 | Bier | na |
| contraceptive | 1954 | PincusRock | US |
| controlled nuclear chain react. | 1942 | Fermi | Italian |
| corals animal nature discov. | 1711 | Marsigli | Italian |
| cortisone discovered | 1936 | Kendall | US |
| cortisone synthetic prod. | 1946 | Sarett | US |
| cosmic rays | 1910 | Gockel | Swiss |
| cream separator | 1878 | DeLaval | Swedish |
| cubic equations solving meth. | 1535 | Tartaglia | Italian |
| cyanamide | 1905 | Frank& Caro | German |
| cybernetics | 1948 | Wiener | US |
| cyclotron | 1930 | Lawrence | US |
| cystoscope | 1878 | Nitze | German |
| daguerrotype | 1839 | Daguerre | French |
| DDT, disc as insecticide | 1939 | Muller | German |
| decimal system | ~500 | na | Ind/Mesopot. |
| deductive system | ~300BC | Euclid | Greece |
| deduct.reasoning < math.laws | 1637 | Descartes | French |
| dental science explained | 1728 | Fauchard | French |
| detergents | 1907 | Henkel& Co. | German |
| deuterium | 1932 | Ureyet al. | US |
| diesel engine | 1895 | Diesel | German |
| differential gear | 1885 | Benz | German |
| dirigible | 1900 | Zeppelin | German |
| disease<>poor hygiene link | 1854 | Snow | English |
| disk floppy | 1970 | IBM | US |
| DNA < > genetic | 1944 | Avery | Canadian-US |
| DNA structure | 1951 | Watson et al. | US |
| DNA fingerprinting | 1986 | Jeffreys | na |
| DNA marker musc.dystrophy | 1983 | Davies & Williamson | na |
| DNA transmiss.: phage<>bact. | 1952 | Lederberg | US |
| Doppler effect | 1843 | Doppler | Austrian |
| Double star 1st observed | 1650 | Riccioli | Italian |
| disk video | 1972 | Philips Co. | Duch |
| dry-ice | 1925 | Benton | US |
| dynamite | 1866 | Nobel | Swedish |
| dynamo cont.curr. | 1871 | Gramme | Belgian |
| dynamometer | 1750 | DeProny | French |
| earth magnetic pole | 1546 | Mercator | Flemish |
| earth mass | 1798 | Cavendish | French |
| earth position in Galaxy | 1912 | Shapley | US |
| earthquakes scale | 1935 | Richter | US |
| earth rotation demonstr. | 1851 | Foucault | French |
| egg human fertilized in tube | 1977 | na | English |
| electric battery | 1800 | Volta | Italian |
| electric waves/radio waves | 1888 | Hertz | German |
| electrocardiograph | 1903 | Einthoven | Duch |
| electroencephalograph | 1929 | Berger | German |
| electrolysis | 1852 | Faraday | English |
| electromagnet | 1824 | Sturgeon | English |
| electromagnetism | 1819 | Oersted | Danish |
| electron | 1897 | Thomson | English |
| electron spectrometer | 1944 | Deutsch et al. | US |
| electron tube multigrid | 1913 | Langmuir | US |
| electronic Comput. ENIAC | 1946 | Mauchly & Eckert | US |
| electroplating | 1805 | Brugnatelli | Italian |
| electroshock 1st treatment | 1938 | Cerletti & Bini | Italian |
| electrostatic generator | 1929 | Van de Graaff | US |
| elevator brake | 1852 | Otis | US |
| elevator push button | 1922 | Larson | US |
| embriology | 1604 | Fabricius | Italian |
| engine compression ignition | 1883 | Daimler | German |
| engine electric ignition | 1883 | Benz | German |
| engine gas | 1926 | Eickemeyer | US |
| engine gasoline | 1872 | Brayton | US |
| engine jet | 1930 | Whittle | English |
| engine steam pist.+cylinder | 1705-12 | Newcomen | English |
| enzyme 1st isolat.-pepsin | 1836 | Schwann | German |
| erytromycin | 1952 | McGuire | US |
| evolution theory | 1859 | Darwin | English |
| evolution human theory | 1871 | Darwin | English |
| eyeglass | 1285 | DeSpina | Italian |
| falling body law | 1590 | Galileo | Italian |
| fan electric | 1882 | Wheeler | US |
| fax machine | 1865 | Caselli | Italian |
| femal reproductive syst. descr. | 1561 | Fallopius | Italian |
| fiber glass | 1938 | Owens-Corning | US |
| fiber optics | 1955 | Kapany | English |
| fire | 12,000 | na | na |
| filament of tungsten | 1913 | Coolidge | US |
| flush toilet | 1589 | Harington | English |
| flying machine drawing | 1492 | Leonardo | Italian |
| fossil 1st descr. | 1517 | Fracastoro | Italian |
| FORTRAN language | 1956 | Backus IBM | US |
| fractals theory developed | 1975 | Mandelbrot | Polish |
| freon | 1930 | Midgleyet al. | US |
| friction match | 1831 | Sauria | na |
| frozen foods | 1924 | Birdseye | US |
| furnace for steel | 1858 | Siemens | German |
| galvanometer | 1820 | Sweigger | German |
| gamma rays | 1900 | Villard | French |
| gas-discharge tube | 1922 | Hull | US |
| gas-lighting | 1792 | Murdoch | Scottish |
| gasoline high octane | 1930 | Ipatieff | Russian |
| gases theory | 1738 | Bernoulli | Swiss |
| geiger counter | 1913 | Geiger | German |
| gemstone synthetic | 1902 | Verneuil | French |
| gene-altered bacteria | 1986 | Adv.Gen.Sci. | US |
| gene cloning | 1984 | NIH et al. | US/Fr./N.Z. |
| gene foreign introduced into human | 1989 | Rosenberg et al. | US |
| gene synthesis ex-novo | 1970 | Khorana et al. | Indian-US |
| genet. engin. 1st grown:tobacco | 1986 | na | Wisconsin |
| genetics & species origin | 1937 | Dobzhansky | Rus.-US |
| genetic experiment 1st | 1907 | Morgan | US |
| genome of Drosofila acquired | 2000 | Adams et al. | US |
| genome human acquired | 2000 | da | US |
| geology foundations | 1830 | Lyell | English |
| germ theory of diseases | 1862 | Pasteur | French |
| glass objects earliest | ~2 | 500 | na |
| gravitation law | 1687 | Newton | English |
| gun/cannon | 1260 | Anklitzen | na |
| gun breach-loader | 1811 | Thornton | US |
| gun machine | 1861 | Gatling | US |
| gun silencer | 1908 | Maxim | US |
| gyrocompass | 1911 | Sperry | US |
| gyroscope | 1852 | Foucault | French |
| Halley comet 1st described | 1682 | Halley | English |
| heart artificial | 1982 | Jarvic | US |
| heeled vehicles | ~3,500BC | na | Sumerian |
| heart valve artificial | 1952 | Hufnagel | na |
| heart-lung machine | 1953 | Gibbon | US |
| helicopter | 1907/39 | Breguet/Sikorsky | French/US |
| helicopter | 1939 | Sikorsky | US |
| heliocentric planetary model | 1512 | Copernicus | Polish |
| hydrodynamics | 1640 | Torricelli | Italian |
| hydrogen bomb | 1952 | Teller et al. | US |
| HIV virus identif. | 1984 | Montagnier/Gallo | French/US |
| holograph | 1948 | Gabor | English |