T O S S I N E   A N I M A LI
[Sono incluse le tossine di alcuni protisti, che rendono tossici alcuni animali marini.]
T O S S I N A
 ORGANISMO 
BIBLIOGRAFIA
Acantossina A Serpente Acanthophis antarcticus Van der Weyden et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 1315-1325
Wickramaratna & Hodgson, 2001, Toxicon 39, 209-216
Acantossina B Serpente Acanthophis praelongus Van der Weyden et al.,2000, Toxicon 38, 1703-1713
Wickramaratna & Hodgson, 2001, Toxicon 39, 209-216
Acantossina C Serpente Acanthophis pyrrhus Van der Weyden et al.,2000, Toxicon 38, 1703-1713
Wickramaratna & Hodgson, 2001, Toxicon 39, 209-216
Agatossina-I Ragno imbuto Agelenopsis aperta  http://scop.life.nthu.edu.tw/data/scop.b.h.d.g.c.c.html
Agelotossina Vespide Agelaia Pallipes pallipes Costa & Palma, 2000, Toxicon 38, 1367-1379
Agitossina Scorpione Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus  http://loki.polito.it/scop/data/scop.b.h.d.h.c.bc.html
Ammoditossina Vipera Vipera ammodytes Krizaj et al., 1996, Toxicon 34, 1089-1090
Anatossina Alga Anabaena flos-aquae  http://www.jcheadwaters.com/Black_Lake.html
Antillatoxin Cyanobatterio Lyngbya majuscula Bermana et al., 2000, Toxicon 37, 1645-1648 
Apamina  Ape Apis mellifera Johnston et al., 1997, J. Physiology 501.P, 23P 
Aplisiatossina Alga rossa Gracilaria coronopifolia Hiroshi et al., 1996, Toxicon 34, 753-761
Ito & Nagaib, 2000, Toxicon 38, 123-132
Atracotossina-hv2a Ragno-imbuto Hadronyche versuta  http://scop.berkeley.edu/data/scop.b.h.d.g.c.g.html
Babicurus-tossina 1 Scorpione Babycurus centrurimorphus Khalifa et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 1069-1080
Batracotossina Rane freccia Phyllobates terribilis, Ph. bicolor, Ph. aurotaenia Daly JW & al., 1980, Science 208(4450), 1383-5
Daly JW, 1995, PNAS USA 92, 9-13
Bibrotossina Serpenti  Atractaspis bibroni, A. irregularis, A. corpuleta, A. dahomayenssis Nicholson et al., 1998, PlugersArch, 436,117-126
Botrojaracina Serpente Bothrops jaraca Arocas et al., 1996, Toxicon 34, 1077
Bungarotossina-a Serpente Bungarus multicinctus  http://scop.bic.nus.edu.sg/data/scop.b.h.h.b.b.bd.html
Bungarotossina-b Serpente Bungarus multicinctus  http://scop.bic.nus.edu.sg/data/scop.b.h.h.b.b.bd.html
Brevetossina Dinoflagellato Gymnodinium breve  http://oceanography.tamu.edu/~pinckney/brevetox.htm
Cerastatina  Vipera Cerastes cerastes Marrakchi et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 125-135
Caribdotossina Scorpione Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus
 http://arbo.bio.uva.nl/extreem.html
Clavamina Ragno Joro Nephila clavata  http://neo.pharm.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ccab/2nd/mini_review/mr121/yoshioka.html
Cobrotossina Serpente Naja naja atra Chang et al., 1997, J Biochem (Tokyo), 122,1252-9
Wanga et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 495-496
Conantokina -T Mollusco-cono Conus tulipa Huang et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 355-363
Conophisina -R Mollusco-cono Conus radiatus Lirazana et al., 2002, Toxicon 40, 901-908
Conotossina* Mollusco-cono Conus geographus  http://barrierreefaustralia.com/the-great-barrier-reef/great-barrier-reef-info4.htm
McIntosh JM & Jones RM, 2001, Toxicon 39, 1447-1451
Ding et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 502-503
Convulsina Serpente Crotalus durissus terrificus Francischetti et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 1217-1228
Crotossina Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus Salvini et al., 2001, Toxicon 39, 1141-1149
Toyama et al., 2000, Protein & Peptide Letters Vol.7, N0. 6 
 http://www.venenonemia.org/doc09.html
Cilindrospermopsina Cyanobatterio Cylindrospermopsin raciborskii Senogles et al.,2000, Toxicon 38, 1203-1213
Shena et al., 2002, Toxicon 40, 1499-1501
Debromoaplisiatossina Alga rossa Gracilaria coronopifolia Hiroshi et al., 1996, Toxicon 34, 753-761
Dendrotossina Serpente Dendroaspis polylepsis, D. angusticeps  http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology
Tricaud et al., 2000, Toxicon 38, 1749-1758
Domoico, acido Phytoplancton Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, P. pseudodelicatissima Amzil et al., 2001, Toxicon 39(8), 1245-1251
Kathi et al., 2002, Toxicon 40, 971-977
Vale, P. & Sampayo, M.A.M., 2001, Toxxicon 39, 893-904
Elegaxobina Vipera Trimeresurus elegans Oyama & Takahashi, 2000, Toxicon 38, 1087-1100
Epibatidina Rana Epipedobates tricolor Spande et al., 1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 3475-3478
Equinatossina Anemone di mare Actinia equina Anderluh, G. & Maek, P, 2002, Toxicon 40, 111-124
Erabutossina a, b Serpente Oxyuranus scutellatus, Laticauda
schistorhynchus		 Zamudio & al., 1996, Biochemistry 35(24):7910-6
Guinea et al., 1983, Biochem J., 213, 39-41
Gambiertossina Dinoflagellato Gambierdiscus toxicus Benoit & Legrand, 1996, Toxicon 34, 1083
Gilatossina Lucertola mostro Heloderma suspectum Strimple et al., 1997, Wilderness Environ. Med., 8, 111-116
Hendon & Tu, 1981, Biochemistry 20, 3517-3522
Grammotossina Tarantola Phrixotrichus spatulata, Hysterocrates gigas  http://www.scienceweek.com/swfr066.htm
Grammistine Gs 1-2 Pesce-sapone Grammistes sexlineatus Shiomi et al., 2000, Toxicon 38, 91-103 
Gonyautossina Dinoflagellato Gonyaulax spp. Shibamoto T. & Bjeldanes LF, 1993, 'Introduction to Food Toxicology', p.51-54, Academic Press Inc.
Hanatossina Tarantola Phrixotrichus spatulata http://www.scienceweek.com/swfr066.htm
Istrionicotossina Rana Phyllobates spp., Dendrobates spp., Epipedobates spp., Mantella sp. Daly, JW, 1995, PNAS USA, 92, 9-13
Daly et al., 1987, Toxicon 25, 1023-1095
Daly et al., 1984, Toxicon 22, 905-919
HmT tossina Anemone di mare Heteractis magnifica Samejima et al., 2000, Toxicon 38, 259-264
Holociclotossina Zecca Ixodes holocyclus Masina S, & Broady KW., !999, Int J Parasitol 29(4), 535-41
Homobatracotossina Uccello Pitohui dichrous Dumbacher et al., 1992, Science 258, 799-801
Huwentossina-I Ragno-uccello Selenocosmia huwena Pei-Hai et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 39-45
Liang et al., 2000, Toxicon 38, 1237-1246
Iberiotossina Scorpione Buthus tamulus  http://www.latoxan.com/HTML/00000138.html
Imperatossina Scorpione Pandinus imperator  http://www.latoxan.com/HTML/00000138.html
Joramina Ragno Joro Nephila clavata  http://neo.pharm.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ccab/2nd/mini_review/mr121/yoshioka.html
JSTX-1/2/3 Ragno Joro Nephila clavata  http://neo.pharm.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ccab/2nd/mini_review/mr121/yoshioka.html
Matsushita et al., 1995, Tetrahedron 51, 10687-10698
Kaliotossina Scorpione Androctonus mauretanicus m.  wehih.wehi.edu.au
Kalkitossina Cyanobatterio Lyngbya majuscula Bermana et al., 2000, Toxicon 37, 1645-1648
KTX3 tossina Scorpione Buthus occitanus tunetanus Meki et al., 2000, Toxicon 38, 105-111
KTx14, KTx17 Scorpione Buthus martensii Goudeta et al., 2002, Toxicon 40, 1239-1258
Kurtossina Scorpione Parabuthus transvaalicus  http://www.pepnet.com/newprf2002.html
Latrocrustatossina
Latroinsectotossina		 Ragno Latrodectus mactans tredicimguttatus
Grishin, EV, 1998, Toxicon 36, 1693-1701
Latrotossina Ragno Vedova nera Latrodectus mactans  http://cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu/bwidow.htm
Grishin, EV, 1998, Toxicon 36, 1693-1701
[loxotossina] Ragno Loxosceles reclusa, L. gaucho  Rees et al., 1988, Toxicon 26, 1035-1045
 Barbaro et al., 1992, Toxicon 30, 331-338
Lingbiatossina A Cyanobatterio Lyngbya sp. Ito et al., 2002, Toxicon 40, 551-556
M9 tossina Scorpione Buthus eupeus
Pashkov et al., 1988, Biophys Chem., 31, 121-131
Maculotossina  Polipo blu-macchiato Hapalochaena maculosa  http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/anaes/marine_even.html
Magnificalisina Anemone di mare Heteractis magnifica Anderluh, G. & Maek, P, 2002, Toxicon 40, 111-124
Margatossina Scorpione Centruroides margaritatus  http://wehih.wehi.edu.au/scop/data/scop.b.h.d.h.c.h.html
Maurotossina Scorpione Scorpio maurus Rochata et al., 1998, Toxicon 36, 1609-1611
Microcistina Cyanobatterio Microcystis aeruginosa Dawsona RM, 1998, Toxicon 36, 953-962
Mikatossina Serpente Micropechis ikaheka Nirthanan et al., 2002, Toxicon 40, 863-871
Mulgotossina Serpente Pseudechis australis Geha & Rampala, 1997, Toxicon 35, 479
Mirmexina -I - VI Formica Pseudomyrmex triplarinus Pan & Hink, 2000, Toxicon 38, 1403-1413
Nephilatossina -7 Ragno Joro Nephila clavata Kanemura et al., 1995, Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 5231-5234
Notessina Serpente Notechis scutatus Chwetzoff et al., 1990, FEBS Letters 161, 226-230 
Noxiustossina Scorpione Centruroides noxius hoffmann  http://wehih.wehi.edu.au/scop/data/scop.b.h.d.h.c.i.html
Okadaico, acido Dinoflagellato Prorocentrum belizeanum Morton et al., 1998, Toxicon 36, 201-206
Palitossina Coralli Lophozozymus pictor, Demania alcalai  http://www.who.int/fsf/fish/Lophozo-Demania.htm
Paradossina Serpente Oxyuranus microlepidotus http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/animal/taipan.htm#SectionTitle:2.6
Dorandeua et al., 1996, Toxicon 34, 1087-1088
Philanthotossina Vespide Philanthus triangulum F. Piek  & Engels, 1971,Comp. Gen. Pharmacol., 2:317-331. 
Piek & Njio, 1975, Toxicon, 13:199-201. 
Piek & Jas, 1980, J. Insect Physiol., 26, 345-349
Phoneutriatossina
PhTx2		 Ragno-banana Phoneutria nigriventer H. J. Reis and others , 1999, Biochem. J.  343, 413-418
M.-Sverzuta & C.-Hofling, 2000, Toxicon 38, 793-812
Phrixotossina Tarantola-fuoco  Tarantula phrixotrichus auratus   http://www.alomone.com/Site/system/UpLoadFiles/DGallery/Docs/P-700_852
Piratossina - I Serpente Bothrops pirajai Azevedo et al., 1998, Toxicon 36, 1395-1406
Polybitossina Vespide Polybia paulista DeOliveira & Palma, 1998, Toxicon 36, 189-199
Pseudexina -A Serpente Pseudechis porphyriacus Van der Weyden et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 1315-1325
Pumiliotossine Rane Phyllobates spp., Dendrobates spp., Epipedobates sp., Myniobates sp. Daly, JW, 1995, PNAS USA 92, 9-13
Rhodostossina Vipera Calloselasma rhodostoma Tan et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 979-984
Robustossina Ragno imbuto Atrax robustus, A. micropholis Nicholson et al., 1998, PlugersArch, 436,117-126
Sarafotossine Serpente Atractaspis engaddensis Bdolaha et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 479
Saxitossina Dinoflagellati Gonyaulax spp. Pyrimidium spp., Phoenus spp., Exuviaella spp., Gymnodium spp. Shibamoto T. & Bjeldanes LF, 1993, 'Introduction to Food Toxicology', p.54-58, Academic Press Inc.
SmT-1, SmT-2 Anemoni di mare Entacmaea quadricolor, Stychodactyla mertensii Samejima et al., 2000, Toxicon 38, 259-264 
Spidamina Ragni Joro Nephila clavata http://neo.pharm.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/ccab/2nd/mini_review/mr121/yoshioka.html
Sticholisine Anemoni di mare Stichodactyla helianthus  http://scop.bic.nus.edu.sg/data/scop.b.h.bj.b.b.c.html
Anderluh, G. & Maek, P, 2002, Toxicon 40, 111-124
Stonustossina Pesce pietra Synanceia horrida Chen et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 487
Taicatossina Serpente Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus Possani et al., 1992, Toxicon Pergamon 30, 1343
Taipossina Serpente Oxyuranus scutellatus Fohlman et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 68, 457-469
Tamapina Scorpione rosso Mesobuthus tamulus Pedarzani et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem., 277(48), 46101-46109
Tamulustossina Scorpionr rosso Mesobuthus tamulus Strong et al., 2001, Arch. Biochem Biophys., 385(1), 138-144
Tetramina Mollusco Neptunea antiqua Power et al., 2002, Toxicon 40, 419-425
Tetrodotossina Pesce palla Tetraodoniformes spp.; rospo Brachycephalus spp.; bufonide Atelopus spp.; rana Colostethus spp. Shibamoto T. & Bjeldanes LF, 1993, 'Introduction to Food Toxicology', p.59-63, Academic Press Inc.
Flier et al., 1980, Science 208, 503-505
Textarina Serpente Pseudonaja textilis Stocker et al., 1994, Toxicon 32, 1227-1236
Textilotossina Serpente Pseudonaja textilis Pearson et al., 1993, Biochim Biophys Acta. 13, 1161(2-3):223-9
Wilson et al.,  1995, N. Sch.Arch. Pharmacol.,352, 79-87
Trimucrotossina Vipera Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus Tsai & Wang, 1998, Toxicon 36, 1591-1597

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TSGP4
TSGP2		 Zecca Ornithodoros savignyi Mansa et al., 2002, Toxicon 40, 1007-1016
Tutyustossina Scorpione Tityus serrulatus Romano-Silva et al., 1994, Biochem. J., 304, 353-357
Verrucotossina Pesce pietra Synanceia verrucosa Garniera et al., 1996, Toxicon 34, 1088-1089
Versutossina Ragno Agelenopsis aperta  http://molmod.angis.org.au/scop/data/scop.1.007.003.006.002.003
Verutossina 1, 2a, 2b Calabrone Vespa   verutina Chewn-Lang Ho et al., 1999, Toxicon 37, 1015-1024
W-3, W-4 tossine Serpente Walterinnesia   aegyptia Samejima et al., 1997, Toxicon 35, 151-157

                * Ognuna delle circa 500 specie di Conus produce decine di conotossine di elevatissima pericolosita'
                        [Olivera et al., 1990, Science 249, 257-263; Chivian et al., 2003, Science 302, 391].