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STAGES of MEDICINE
~ 200 A.D. - Galen identifies the BRAIN as the organ of mind
1798 - Smallpox Vaccine, E. Jenner
1844 - anesthesiology while extracting tooth, H. Wells
- use of ether in childbirth, C. Long
- Corynebacterium difteriae discovery
1845 - introduction of modern anesthesiology [sulfuric ether],W.T.G.
Morton
1847 - nitroglycerin proved useful in relieving symptoms of angina
- chloroform introduced into obstetric practice, J.Y. Simpson1848 - puerperal fever reduced by hygienic practices [hands wash with
chlorinated water]
- epidemiology become a science, J. Simon
1849 - 1st US woman MD graduate physician, E. Blackwell
1850 - 1st text of Histology, R.A. von Kolliker
- invented ophthalmoscope, H.L.F. Helholtz
1854 - F. Nightingale & A. Parkes pioneer hygienic measures in
Crimean war Hospital
- patented kaolin process for false teeth, M. Loomis
1855 - 'Principles of Psychology', H. Spencer
- pernicious anemia recognized, T. Addison
1856 - schistosomiasis r.a.c.* by worm parasite, T. Bilharz
1857 - epidemic tuberculosis in US cities: 400 deaths per 100,000
population
1858 - 'Anatomy of the Human Body, Descriptive and surgical',
H. Gray
- founded E.R. Squibb & Sons pharmaceutical Lab.
- 'Experimental Psychology', W.Wunt
1859 - colchicine envisaged to cure gout, A. B. Garrod
- cocaine isolated from coca leaves
1860 - diabetes r.a.c. by pancreas disorder, E. Lancereaux
1861 - Hospital Medical College established NY for orthopedic surgery
- GERM THEORY of DISEASES exposed by L. Pasteur in the
paper 'Memoires sur les corpuscules organises qui existent
dans l'atmosphere'
1863 - International Red Cross Principles established in Geneva
1864 - barbituric acid synthesized by A. von Bayer
1865 - inaugurated antiseptic surgery by the use of carbolic acid,
J. Lister
1866 - clinical thermometer invented, T.C. Allbut
1867 - 1st colecystectomy [gallstone operation], J.S. Bobbs
- amyl nitrate found useful in treating angina pectoris,T.L. Brunton
- atropine effects on hearth found
1869 - discovery of insulin & glucagon produced by pancreas,
P. Langerans
1870 - Cough drops patented, Smith Brothers
1873 - contagious nature of typhoid fever proved, W. Budd
1874 - leprosy bacillus [>hansen disease] discovered, A. G. Henrik
- boric acid introduced to cure eye infections, S. Theobald
1875 - electric dental drill/tool patented, G.F. Green
- vaseline introduced, Chesebrough Manuf. Co.
1876 - Eli Lilly Co. founded
- 1st pure culture of anthrax Bacillus, R. Koch
1877 - technique for staining bacteria & theory of
bacteria causing diseases, proved, R. Koch
- Germicidal activity of Ultraviolet Rays discovered, A. Downes &
T.P. Blunt
- cystoscope invented, M. Nitze
- Paget's disease described, J. Paget
1878 - 1st Laboratory for Experimental Psychology opened,
W.M. Wundt
- yellow fever epidemic [US Gulf Coast & Tennessee] killing
~20,000
- smallpox epidemic in Dakota territory
1879 - the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea discovered, A.L. Siegmund
- conditioned reflexes discovered, I.P. Pavlov
- exact dosage of pharmaceutical drugs established, Parke Davis
Co.
1880 - malaria r.a.c. by a blood parasite, C.L.A. Laveran
- typhoid bacillus discovered, R. Koch & K.J. Eberth
- vaccine against anthrax, R. Koch
1881 - serum against cholera discovered, J. Ferran
- mosquitoes suspected to spread yellow fever, C.J. Finlay
- Pneumococcus pneumoniae bacterium identified, G.M. Sternberg
- Plasmodium malariae identified, G.M. Sternberg
1882 - Tuberculosis bacillus discovered, R. Koch
- hypnosis proved to be useful in treating hysteria, J. Breuer
1883 - the diphtheria bacillus described, E. Klebs
- cholera bacillus identified, R. Koch
- pandemic cholera begins & will kill millions in 11 years
1884 - Bacillus diphtheria isolated/cultured, F.A.J. Loffler
- silver nitrate prevent blindness from gonorrheal infection,
K.S.F. Crede
- open-air treatment of tuberculosis, E.L. Trudeau
- local anesthesia pioneered by cocaine injection, W.S. Halsted
- cocaine as local anesthetic in eye surgery, C. Killer
- brain tumor removed by surgery, R. J. Godlee
1885 - anti-rabies vaccine 1st administration, L. Pasteur
- successful appendectomy performed in US, W.W. Grant
- phagocytosis of microorganisms by leukocytes discovered,
I.I. Mechnikov
- Johnson & Johnson founded/producing pharmaceutical
plasters/rubber based
- 1st rabies vaccine
1886 - sterile dressing in individual package developed,
Johnson & Johnson
1887 - the bacterial agent of Malta fever [brucellosis] identified,
D. Bruce
1888 - the Institut Pasteur founded in Paris
1889 - tetanus bacillus discovered, S. Kitazato
- the very potent diphtheria toxin discovered, E. Roux &
A.E.J. Yersin
- Mayo Clinic/St. Mary's Hospital opened
- pandemic influenza affect ~ 50% world population
1890 - tetanus anti-toxin produced, E. von Behring & S. Kitazato
- diphtheria antitoxin produced, E. von Behring
- prophylactic use of silver nitrate by dropping newborn eyes,
NY Law
1891 - improvement of diphtheria antitoxin, E.von Behring & E. Ehrlich
1892 - discovery of viruses, D. I. Ivanovski
1893 - Open Heart surgery 1st, D.H. Williams
- basal metabolism test devised, A.M.Levy
1894 - the bacillus causing bubonic plague discovered, A.E.J. Yersin
& S. Kitazato
1895 - X-rays discovery improve diagnostic medicine, W.C. Roentgen
1897 - the parasite of malaria transmission by Anopheles, R. Ross
- 1st plague vaccine
1898 - heroin introduced as cough suppressant,F. Bayer Co.
- bubonic plague [1898<>1910] begins to kill ~ 3 million peoples in
India and China
1899 - cholera pandemic begins [1899<>1923]
- aspirin[acetylsalicylic ac.] recognized as painkiller and fever
reducer, F. Hoffman & H. Dreser
1900 - Aedes aegypti recognized to transmit virus of yellow fever,
W. Reed & C.J. Finley
- bubonic plague strikes Honolulu
- bubonic plague at San Francisco [~ 120 deaths]
- 'The interpretation of dreams' by S. Freud
1901 - adrenaline isolated from adrenal gland [heart stimulant /
bronchi relaxant], J. Takamine
1902 - Argyrol [silver gelatin] developed for protecting newborn eyes,
A.C. Barnes & H. Hille
- W.S. Sutton hypothesizes chromosomes as carriers of
inheritance characters
1903 - X-rays therapy against cancer, G.C. Perthes
- typhoid fever outbreak recognized as spreaded by a healthy
carrier
1905 - novocaine introduced as local anesthetic, H.F.W. Braun
- large poliomyelitis epidemic
- mosquitoes killing campaign ends yellow fever in New Orleans
- Female found have 2 XX chromosomes, male XY
1906 - blood test for syphilis, A. Wasserman
- microorganism causing Rocky Mountains fever discovered,
H.T. Ricketts
1907 - bubonic plague killed 1.3 million in India
1909 - arsenic based antibacterial Salvarsan effective against syphilis,
P. Ehrlich
- discovery of blood groups make transfusions safe,
K. Landsteiner
- poliomyelitis virus isolated, K. Landsteiner
1910 - 1st diagnosis of sickle cell anemia, J. B. Herrick
- Bacterium tularensis recognized causing tularemia disease,
G.W. McCoy & C.W. Chapin
- bubonic plague begins killing up to ~1.5 million in China & India
over next 9 years
1912 - thrombosis recognized, J.B. Herrick
1913 - foundation of American Cancer Society
- Lambarene Hospital founded in Equatorial Africa, A. Schweitzer
1915 - typhus epidemia killed ~ 150,000 in Serbia
- thyroid hormone thyroxin isolated, E.C. Kendall
- disposable scalpel patented, M. Parker
1916 - anticoagulant power of heparin discovered accidentally
- poliomyelitis epidemic strikes ~ 30,000 in US
1917 - typhus epidemic begins in Russia, killing ~ 3 million in 4 years
1918 - Spanish influenza pandemic [Europe, America, Asia] killed ~ 21
million peoples [1% population]
- diffusion of wearing mask practice to avoid influenza contagion
- ergotamine drug extracted from Claviceps purpurea and used in
muscle/blood therapy
1921 - Rorschach test based on inkblots introduced in psycho diagnosis
- ban-aid adhesive introduced by Johnson & Johnson
1922 - Death rate in USA down from 1900, deaths/100,000 people:
diphtheria: from 43.3 to 14.6
influenza and pneumonia, from 181.5 to 88.3
infant diarrhea enteritis, from 108.8 to 32.5
tuberculosis, from 201.9 to 97
typhoid & paratyphoid, from 35.9 to 7.5
[J. Trager, 'The People Chronology', H. Holt & Co., NY, 1994]
- diabetes treatment with insulin begins
- penicillin discovery, A. Fleming
1923 - development of tetanus toxoid, G. Ramon
- 1st diphtheria vaccine
1924 - the scarlet fever agent Streptococcus isolated, G.F. Dick
1925- cholera epidemic in Russia
- incurable Cooley's anemia recognized as hereditary diseases
1926 - X-rays induce genetic mutations, H.J. Muller
- Enzymes are recognized to be proteins, J.B. Sumner
- Pace-maker first implant
- Russian outbreak of ergot
- 1st pertussis vaccine
1927 - iron lung invented by P. Drinker
- 1st tuberculosis vaccine [BCG]
- 1st tetanus vaccine
1928 - antibacterial properties of Penicillin discovered
- Liver extract introduced to treat pernicious anemia
1929 - 1st use of electroshock to treat schizophrenia, M. Sakel
- insulin shock found effective in treating schizophrenia
1932 - introduction of benzedrine inhaler
1933 - 1st isolation of influenza virus
- yellow fever vaccine [attenuated virus] developed
1935 - antibacterial activity of several sulfonamides discovered
- breeding/selected Claviceps purpurea produced 10 times
ergotamine
- wearing electronic hearing aid invented, A.E. Stevens
1936 - 1st anti convulsive drug for treatment of epilepsy
- 1st purified DNA isolation, , A.N. Belozersky
- hypovarism uterine hipoplasy treatment with estrogens
- testicular hypoplasy treatment with testosterone
- gigantism, infantilism, eunucoidism, achromegaly treatment with
hypophisary extracts
1937 - discovery of RNA, F.C. Bawden
- leprosy therapeutic use of sulphones, thiosemicarbazone,
sulphopyrazine
- beriberi treatment with Vit. B1 & B12
- pellagra treatment with Vit PP
1938 - myxedema treatment with thyroid extracts, iodine
- cretinism treatment with thyroid extracts, iodine
1940 - discovery of Rh factor, A.S. Wiener & K. Landsteiner
- antimicrobial sulfanilamide developed, R.O. Roblin
- Basedow disease treatment with antithyroid compounds
- PENICILLIN chemotherapy developed for Pneumonia,
Bronchitis, Infectious bacterial meningitis, Impetigo, Diphtheria
[penicillin, tetracycline], osteytis - other antibiotic [chemo-
therapeutic treatments]: Q fever [terramycin], blenoragy
[penicillin and tetracycline], syphilis [penicillin, tetracycline],
bilharziose [terramycin, stovarsol], frambesia [aureomycin]
- serum gamma globulin used for mass immunization against
different diseases
- fibrin used to stop hemorrhages
1942 - meningitis cured with penicillin
1943 - 1st dialysis machine, W. Kolff
- dialysis machine used for kidney disease, W.J. Kolff
- penicillin applied to treatment of chronic diseases
- Streptomycin produced from Streptomyces, S.A. Waksman
- PAP test developed for detecting cervical cancer,G.N.
Papanicolaou
- discovery of LSD hallucinogen, A. Hofmann
1944 - quinine synthesized, R.B. Woodward
- typhus epidemic in Naples stopped by spraying DDT killing lice
carrying Salmonella
1945 - correlation between lung cancer and cigarettes smoking observed
1946 - penicillin obtained by synthesis, V. du Vigneaud
1947 - World Health Organization established by ONU
- cortisone synthesized , P.S. Hench & E.C. Kendall
- aureomycin and chloromycin developed
- hydrosadenite treated with streptomycin
- typhus treated with tetracycline
- Tuberculosis treated with streptomycin
- Malta fever treated with tetracycline & chloramphenicol
- Leptospyrose treated with tetracycline
- tularemia treated with streptomycin
1948 - tonsillitis cured with aureomycin
- faringitis cured with aureomycin
- pernicious anemia cured with Vit. B12
1949 - sinusitis cured with terramycin
- ACTH hormone synthesized
- development of oxytetracycline antibiotic
- introduction of chloramphenicol antibiotic
- adenites treated with chloramphenicol
- colangites treated with chloramphenicol
- development of neomycin antibiotic, S. Waksman
1950 - tranquilizer meprobamate developed
- sleeping sickness cured with pentamydin and with suramine
- pityriasis treated with nistatin
- antiblastic compounds used against cancer
- leukemia treated with anablastics and corticosteroids
- asthma relieved by cortisone, corticosteroids
- allergic syndromes relieved by cortisone, corticosteroids
- poliomyelitis vaccine [killed virus] developed by Salk
1951 - outbreak of ergotism in France affected ~300 people; 4 deaths
1952 - poliomyelitis epidemic in US affects ~ 50,000 peoples, ~ 3,000
dies
- reserpine isolate from Rauwolfia reduce high blood pressure
- isoniazide was introduced to cure tuberculosis
- development of chlorpromazine
1953 - DNA structure discovered, J. Watson & F. Crick
- cryosurgery pioneered by H. Swann
1954 - hormone oxytocin synthesized, V. Du Vigneaud
- chlorpromazine successfully used in treating psychotic patients
- Humans have 46 chromosomes, J.H. Tjio & A. Levan
- uterine contractions obtained by oxytocin application
- 1st successful kidney transplant at P. B. Brigham H., Harvard
1955 - injectable anti-polio Vaccine come into use,
J. Salk
- thrombosis treated with anticoagulants, antiaggregants
- urycemic syndrome cured with allopurinol
- arthritis cured with prednisolone, a compound of the cortisone
family
1957 - rifampycin antibiotic used successfully against tuberculosis
1960 - anti-anxiety drug Librium approved by FDA
- begins WHO treatment with DDT against mosquitoes in
Indonesia [~120,000 deaths/year by malaria]; target reached
after 4 years
1962 - 1st Laser use for eye surgery
- nephritis cured with rifampycin
- urethritis successfully treated with nitrofurans, rifampycin
1963 - M.E De Bakey uses artificial heart during heart surgery
- Valium come into commerce
1964 - Methadone employed to treat heroin addicts
1965 - oral poliomyelitis vaccine by Sabin
- dislipidic syndrome treated with chlofibrates
- measles vaccine developed
1966 - rubella vaccine developed
1967 - 1st use of mammography to check breast cancer
- 1st successful heart transplant, C.N. Barnard
- 1st coronary bypass surgery, R. Favaloro
- L-dopa therapy of Parkinson's disease applied successfully
- mumps vaccine
1968 - A. Denton Cooley perform 5 heart transplants within 5 weeks
1969 - 1st isolation of gene, J. Beckwith
1970 - annexitis, prostatitis, endocarditis, pericarditis, rheumatoid
arthritis, periostitis successfully treated with synthetic penicillins
1971 - cystitis cured with cychlosporins antibiotics
- salmonelloses cured with cychlosporins, amoxicillins antibiotics
1972 - arterial hypertension treated with beta blockers and diuretics
- osteomyelitis treated with clindomycin, lincomycin antibiotics
- toxoplasmosis treated with clindomycin, spiramycin antibiotics
- diagnosis improved by development of Computerized Axial
Tomography [CAT]
1973 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI] developed by
R.V. Damadian
1975 - Monoclonal antibodies obtained artificially
- Lyme disease recognized
1976 - Legionnaire disease r.a.c. by Legionella bacterium
- WHO declared Asia free from smallpox
- Inderal beta-blocker approved for high blood pressure treatment
1977 - invention of angioplasty, A.R. Gruentzig
- Tagamet, a drug for treatment of ulcers was introduced into
commerce
- the last case of smallpox occurs in Somalia
1978 - 1st human egg fertilized successfully outside the body, UK
- 1st human insulin produced from bio-engineered bacterium
1980 - rabies vaccine produced from human cell laboratory culture
1981 - a golden carp cloned by chinese scientists
- hepatitis B vaccine
1982 - 1st transplant of artificial heart, W. De Vries
1983 - 1st artificial chromosome developed
- Ibuprofen anti-inflammatory acquires status of non-prescription
drug
1984 - DNA fingerprint method developed, A. Jeffreys
- sheep Dolly successfully cloned
- genes cloned from an extinct species
1986 - 1st engineered vaccine [against hepatitis B] approved
1987 - AZT approved for treatment of AIDS
- Lovastatin approved for lowering cholesterol
1988 - patent of mouse developed by genetic engineering
1991 - the DDI anti-AIDS drug approved
1993 - gastritis and ulcers r.a.c. by Helicobacter pilori and cured by
antibiotics
* r.a.c. = Recognized as caused by
penicillins are effective against: osteomyelitis, bronchitis, empyema, endocarditis, furuncles, laryngothracheitis, mastitis, otitis, peritonitis, tonsillitis, wounds, rheumatic fever, hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, gonococci, meningococci, gas-gangrene clostridia, diphtheria, anthrax, syphilis.
streptomycin, effective against: tuberculosis, meningitis, endocarditis, laryngothracheitis, urinary infections [by E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, A. aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa], pulmonary infections, bacteremia, meningitis tularemia, peritonitis, liver/bile duct abscesses, empyema, chronic lung infections, pneumonia by Klebsiella.
Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, active against: typhoid fever, gonorrhea, syphilis, brucellosis, psittacosis, lymphogranuloma, and many penicillins-sensitive diseases.
SOME EPIDEMIC OF THE PAST ~ 160 - Europe/Asia < measles / smallpox
~ 540 - bubonic plague, from Mediteranean to China
1331 - bubonic plague, from China to Asia to Europe
1494 - Global epidemic of syphilis
1556 - influenza in Europe & Americas
1648 - Yellow fever throughout Americas
1817 - colera from Bengala to all over the world
1847 - London has an influenza epidemic that will take 15,000 lives
in 2 years
1857 - US tuberculosis kills 400 people per 100,000 population
1863 - scarlet fever epidemic in England takes more than 30,000
lives
- a 12 years worldwide cholera epidemic begins
1865 - cholera in Paris, 200 daily deaths [Camille, infant daughter of
L. Pasteur, dies]
1866 - cholera epidemic takes 120,000 lives in Prussia and 110,000
in Austria, some 50,000 Americans, 2,000 in NY
- cholera, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhoid fever, typhus,
yellow fever, for 7 years, in NY, Baltimore, Boston,
Philadelphia, Washington, etc.
1875 - Fiji Islands lose 40,000 of their 150,000 inhabitants in a
measles epidemic
1918 - influenza all over the world